Wednesday, August 23, 2017

9.ತುಳು ಪಾತೆರೊ ೦೧- ಮುದೆಲ್ಪಾತೆರೊ

ªÀÄÄzɯÁàvÉgÉÆ
Prologue



d£ÀªÀiÁ¤Uï PÀxÉ E¥ÀÅöà£ÀAZÀ ¥ÁvÉgÉÆUÉÆAf PÀxÉ. DAqÀ, EAzï £ÀAªÀÄ vÀļÀĪÀ ¥ÁvÉgÉÆzÀ vÉjAiÉÆA©£À PÀxÉ. ªÀÄ®è¥ÀÅzÀgï ¥ÀqÉwÛ£À, PÀ£ÁðlPÀ gÁeÉÆåqÀÄ, vÉAPÁ¬Ä-¥ÀqÁجÄzÀ PÉÆÃAlÄqï, ªÀÄAiÀiÁð® ¸ÀÄgÀĪÁ

¦£À ªÀÄÄAUÁzÀð wÃgÀ ¥ÀæzÉñÀ, ªÀįɣÁqï-PÀqÀ®§jvÀ £ÀqÀÄmÉ, ¥ÀqÁØ¬Ä ¨Á£ÉÆqÀÄ £ÉøÀgÀ PÀAvÀÄ£À ¥ÉÇ®Äð£ï vÉÆÃeÁªÀÅ£À PÀgÉ£Áqï F vÀļÀÄ£Áqï. vÀļÀÄ ¥ÁvÉgÉÆzÀ, vÀļÀĪÉgÉ £Áqï.
  F vÀļÀĪÀ PÀ£ÁðlPÀzÀ MAf eÁ£ÀAVPÀ DqÀĨsÁµÉ (dialect)  EAzïzï ¥ÁPÀ ªÀÄA¢ vÉjzÀļÉîgï.  C¬ÄPï vÀļÀÄ ¥Ávɦð£ÀPÀļÀÄ ¥ÀÅt CvïÛ. vÀļÀĪÀ ¨sÁµÉ ¸ÀévÀAvÀæ ¨sÁµÉ CvïÛ E¤à£ÀPÀļÀÄ ¨ÉvïÛ PÉ®ªÉgï. C¬Ämï ¸ÀvÀåzÁ£É?  vÀļÀÄ-PÀ£ÀßqÀzÀ ¸ÀA§AzsÀ zÁ£É?  vÀļÀĪÀ ±À§Ý®Ä zÁAiÉÄUÀ ¸Á»vÀågÀÆ¥ÉÇqÀÄ ¨É¼ÀUÀAzÉ FvÀ£Àl  ¥ÉÇÃAiÀiÁ?  C¬ÄPÀ̯Á zÁæ«qÀ ¨sÁµÉ ¸ÀA¸ÀÌöÈvÀzÀ ªÀÄÆ® ¨sÁµÉ®Ä, CxÀªÁ ¸ÀA¸ÀÌöÈvÀ d£Àå ¨sÁµÉ¯ÉUÀ¯Á ºÉÆÃ°PÉ ªÀåvÁå¸À zÁ£É?  ªÀÄÄRåªÁzï vÀļÀÄPï C¬ÄvÀªÉà ªÁåPÀgÀt GAqÁ? E¥ÀÅöà£ÁAqÀ, ¸Á»vÀå gÀZÀ£ÉUï CªÀÅ ¸ÀªÀÄ¥ÀðPÀ jÃwqÀ MzÀUïzï §gÀĪÁ?  vÀļÀÄvÀ ZÀjvÉæ zÁ£É?  C¬ÄPï DzsÁgÀ zÁ£É?  C¬ÄPÀ¯Á vÀļÀĪÀ ¸ÀA¸ÀÌöÈwUÀ¯Á CAZÀ£Éà ¨sÁgÀvÀzÀ ¸ÀªÀÄUÀæ ¸ÀA¸ÀÌöÈwUÀ¯Á ¸ÀA§AzsÀ zÁ£É?  E¤à PÉ®ªÁgï ¸ÀAUÀw¯É£ï F £ÀAvÀæzÀ 19 ¥ÀæPÀgÀuÉÆ¯Éqï ¥ÀtÄà£ÀªÁzÀļÀî.

01. F ªÀÄÄzɯÁàvÉgÉÆqÀÄ PÉ®ªÀÅ ªÀÄÄRå «µÀAiÀįɣï, ¥ÁæªÀÄÄRåªÁzï PÀ£ÀßqÀ °¦mï vÀļÀÄ ¥ÁvÉgÉÆ£ÀÄ NzÀÄ£À, §gɦ£À, ¦£ÁàªÀÅ£À jÃw JAZÀ, EAzïzï vÉj¥Ázï, NzÀÄ£ÀPÀļÀÄ F £ÀAvÀæzÀ ¥ÀæPÀgÀuÉÆ¯Éqï §gÉw£À «µÀAiÀÄ ¥ÀÇtð UÀæ»PÉ ¥ÀqɪÉgÉUÁªÉÇqÀÄ E¤à EgÁzÉqï gÀqïØ ¥ÁvÉgÉÆ ¥ÀuÉÆÃqÁ¥ÀÅAqÀÄ.  §gÀºÉUÁgÉ NzÀÄ£ÀPÀ¼É£ï- EAZÉ£Éà NzÀįÉÃ, CAZÀ£Éà NzÉÆqÀÄ EAzïzï ¥ÀtÄà£ÀªÀvïÛ.  DAqÀ¯Á, F zÀȶPÉÆÃ£ÉÆÃUÀÄ «ÄÃzïð, F §gÀºÀUÁgÀ£À ¸Àé¨sÁªÉÇUÀÄ ªÀåwjPÀÛªÁzï, ¥ÀuÉÆÃqÁ¥ÀÅAqÁ, C¬ÄPï PÁgÀt vÀļÀĪÀ ¥ÁvÉgÉÆzÀ GZÁÑgÀzÀ «²µÀÖ zÁn.

02.  PÀ£ÀßqÀ-vÀļÀĪÉÇUÀÄ ªÀÄÄRåªÁ¢¥ÀÅöà£À ªÀåvÁå¸À GZÁÑgÀzÀ ¤AiÀĪÀÄ, CªÀzsÀgÀuÉ ¤Ãw (accent).  vÀļÀÄlÄ F «²µÀÖ zÁn £ÀAPï §wÛ¢¤ ªÀÄÆ® zÁæ«qÉÆqïÝ E¤à£ÀªÁAqÀ¯Á, EAzï ªÀįÉAiÀiÁ¼ÀzÀAZÀvïÛ, PÀ£ÀßqÀ-vÀ«Ä¼ÀzÀAZÀ PÀÆqÁ ¥ÀÇtð ºÉÆÃ°PÉ E¥ÀÅ£ÀªÀvïÛ.
  vÀļÀÄ-ªÀįÉAiÀiÁ¼À MAeÉà ¨sÁµÉ E¤à vÀ¥ÀÅöà C©ü¥ÁæAiÀÄ EvÀÛAqï PÉ®ªÀÅ «zÁéA¸ÉgÉUï, DAqÀ, ªÀįÉAiÀiÁ¼ÀzÀ zÁn vÀļÀÄPï wÃgÁ PÀ«Ää. ªÀįÉAiÀiÁ¼À MAf C£ÀÄ£Á¹PÀ ¨sÁµÉ EAzïzï ¥ÀtÂà ¥ÁvÉgÉÆ C¬ÄPï ¸ÀªÀÄ¥ÀðPÀªÁAqÀ, vÀļÀÄmï F C£ÀÄ£Á¹PÀ GZÁÑgÀ ªÀiÁfzï ¥ÉÇÃw£ÀªÉ£ï zÀÄA§ÄzÀ  ¥ÀæPÀgÀuÉÆ¯Éqï vÉjªÉǰ.  £À£À ±À§Þ ±Á¸ÉÆÛçÃqÀÄ, ªÁåPÀgÀuÉÆqÀÄ ªÀįÉAiÀiÁ¼À-vÀļÀÄ ¨sÁµÉ¯ÉUï ºÉÆÃ°PÉ, ¸Á«ÄÃ¥Àå wÃgÁ C®à.
  vÀļÀÄ-vÀ«Ä¼ÀÄ ¨sÁµÉzÀ GZÁÑgÀ ¤Ãwqï PÀÆqÁ ªÀåvÁå¸ÀªÀÅAqÀÄ.  vÀļÀÄ, PÀ£ÀßqÀzÀ zÁnzÀ ¨sÁµÉAiÀiÁzÀÄ¥ÉÇàqÀÄ.  EAZÁzï, vÀļÀÄ ¨sÁµÉ GZÁÑgÀzÀ jÃwqï -E£ÀßUÀ ¥ÁvÉgÉÆzÀ ªÀÄÄmÉÆÖqÀÄ- CAZÀ£Éà ªÁåPÀgÀt ¤Ãwqï, zÀQët ¨sÁgÀvÀzÀ zÁæ«qÀ ¨sÁµÉ¯Éqï MAf ¸ÀévÀAvÀæ ¨sÁµÉ Dzï £ÀqÀvÉÆÛAzÀÄ ¨ÉÊzÀAqï. 

03. ¥ÁvÉgÉÆ CxÀªÁ ¨sÁµÉ E£ÀßUÀ d£ÀªÀiÁ¤£À zsÀé¤vÀ (utterance) ¥ÁvÉgÉÆ, CxÀ𠦣ÁàªÀÅ£À ¸Á¢qï PÉ®ªÀÅ jÃwzÀ gÀZÀ£É(structure) ¯É£ï ¹zÀÞ ªÀļɯÛA§ÄqÀÄ.  F gÀZÀ£Á¤Ãw£ï CzsÀåAiÀÄ£À ªÀÄÄSÁAvÀgÀ £ÁqïÝ ¦£ÁàªÀÅ£À PÉ®¸À ªÁåPÀgÀtzÀªÀÅ.  F ¨sÁµÁgÀZÀ£ÉzÀ ¤Ãw CxÀªÁ ªÁåPÀgÀt, ¨sÁµÉzÀ gÀÆ¥ÀÅgÉÃSÉ£ï vÉÆÃeÁªÀÅ£ÀAZÀ£ÉÃ, ¢AdPÁ® ¨Á¼ÀÄ£À ¥ÁvÉgÉÆzÀ ªÀÄÆ®zÀæªÀå.  F ªÀÄÆ®zÀæªÀå D ¨sÁµÉUï ¹ÜgÀgÀÆ¥À PÉÆ¦ð£ÀAZÀ£ÉÃ, CªÀÅ ªÀiÁf£À PÁ¯ÉÆUÀÄ ªÀiÁvÀæ ¨sÁµÉUï C½ªÀÅ.  DvïªÀÄÄlÖ, F ¨sÁµÉUï ¨ÉÃvÉ ¨sÁµÉ¯É£À ¥Àæ¨sÁªÀ, ±À§Þ ¸ÀAPÀ®£À EvÁå¢ DAqÀ¯Á, C¬ÄvÀ ¹ÜgÀgÀZÀ£ÉzÀ -ªÁåPÀgÀtzÀ- «ÄvïÛ, CªÉà ¥ÀÅzÀgÀ Mj¦¤ ¨sÁµÁ±Á¸ÀÛçzÀ ¤AiÀĪÀÄ. £ÀAªÀÄ vÀļÀÄ ¨sÁµÉUï EAa£À ¹ÜgÀ gÀZÀ£É GAqÀÄ.  C¬ÄvÀ  ªÁåPÀgÀt vÀ«Ä¼ÀÄ ªÁåPÀgÀtzÁvï CxÀªÁ PÀ£ÀßqÀzÀ ªÁåPÀgÀtzÁvï ¥ÉÇ®Äð EfÓqÀ¯Á, ¸ÀgÀ¼À jÃwqÉà GAqÀÄ  EAzïzï vÉj¥ÁªÀÅ£À ¸ÁºÀ¸À F PÀÈwvÀªÀÅ.
  £ÀAPï vÉj¢¥ÀÅöà£ÀAZÀ vÀļÀÄ ¨sÁµÉqï ªÀåAd£ÁAvÀ ±À§Ý®Ä ¢Ad.  vÀ«Ä¼ÀÄ-PÀ£ÀßqÀ ¨sÁµÉ¯Éqï PÀÆqÁ D¢qï F jÃwzÀ ªÀåAd£ÁAvÀ ±À§Þ®Ä EvïÛzï, PÀæªÉÄÃt ¸Á»vÀåzÀ ªÀÄÄSÁAvÀgÀ C¬ÄPÀļÀÄ ¸ÀégÁAvÀªÁ¬Ä£À «µÀAiÀÄ zÀÄA§Uï CzsÀåAiÀģɯqÀÄ vÉjAiÀÄgÉ ¸ÁzsÀåªÁªÀÅ.   vÀļÀÄ ¨sÁµÉ ¸Á»vÀåzÁAw, MAf eÁ£ÀAVPÀ DqÀĨsÁµÉ E¤à vÉUÀ½PÉUï ¥ÁvÀæªÁzï EvÀÛAqÀ¯Á, MAf ªÀÄÆ®¨sÁµÉzÀ ¯ÉPÉÆÌ, ¸ÀĪÀiÁgÁzï gÀqïØ ¸Á«gÀ ªÀgÀĵÀ «ÄQÌ£À C¬ÄvÀ EwºÁ¸ÉÆqÀÄ vÀ£Àß ¸ÀéAvÀ gÀÆ¥À gÀZÀ£É, (ªÁåPÀgÀt) ¥ÀvÉÆÛAzÀÄ vÀļÀÄ d£ÀªÀiÁ¤£À £ÀqÀÄlÄ £ÀqÀvÉÆÛAzÀÄ ¨ÉÊzÀAqï. C¬ÄqÁݪÀgÉ, zÁæ«qÀ ¸ÀªÀÄÄzÁAiÀÄzÀ ¨sÁµÉ¯É£À ªÀÄÆ® gÀÆ¥ÉÇ£ÀÄ £ÁqÀÝ vÀƪÀgÉUÀ¯Á vÀļÀÄ MAf jÃwqï ¸ÀºÀPÁjAiÀiÁzÀÄAqÀÄ.

04. PÀ£ÀßqÀ ªÁåPÀgÀtzÀ ¥ÀæPÁgÀ ±À§Þ®Ä ªÀiÁvÀ¯Á ¸ÀégÁAvÀªÁªÉÇqÀÄ.  GzÁ:- ªÀiÁr, £ÉÆÃr, »rzÀÄ, §rzÀÄ, ªÀÄÆ¸ÀÄ, £Á£ÀÄ, ¤ÃªÀÅ §AzÀÄ, G½zÀÄ, CzÀPÉÌ, EzÀPÉÌ, CªÀ£À£ÀÄß, AiÀiÁgÀ£ÀÆß, CªÀjUÉ , £ÀV¸ÀÄ, PÀÄt¸ÀÄ EvÁ墠 PÀ£ÀßqÀ ±À§Þ gÀÆ¥À®Ä vÀļÀÄ GZÁÑgÉÆqÀÄ PÀæªÀĪÁzï, ªÀiÁ¼ÀÛzï, vÀÆzï, ¥ÀvïÛzï, zÀvïðzï, ªÀÄÆ¸ï, AiÀiÁ£ï, Fgï, §vïÛzï, Mjzï, C¬ÄPÀ, EAzÉPï, CªÉ£ï, EAzÉPï, DAiÉÄ£ï KgÉ£ï, DAiÀÄUï, vɰ¥Áªï, £À°¥Áªï, Dzï §¦ð£À jÃwqï ªÀåAd£ÁAvÀ ¥ÀzÀ¯ÁzÉà MjzÀļÀî EAzïzï vÉjAiÉÆ°.  DAqÀ¯Á, GZÁÑgÉÆUÀÄ CrØ DªÀA¢£À ¯ÉPÉÆÌ, CxÀðPÉÆ¦ð£À ±À§Ý¯ÁzÀļÁî.   F jÃwqï, ªÀåAd£ÁA±À ¥ÀzÀ®Ä CxÀð«gÀ»vÀ, GZÁÑgÀ, ªÀļÉàgÉ -N¢¥ÁªÀgÉUï- ¸ÁzsÀåzÁAw£ÀªÀÅ E¤à ºÉýPÉqï ¸ÀvÀå vÉÆÃdÄf.  zÁAiÉÄV£ÀßUÀ, EAVèõÀzÀAa£À ¥ÀæªÀÄÄR ¨sÁµÉqï KvÉÆAf ªÀåAd£ÁAvÀ ±À§Ý®Ä, CxÀð«wÛzï,  ªÁPÀågÀZÀ£Éqï CAZÀ£Éà ¸ÉÃgÉÆAzÀļÀî, E¤à ¸ÀAUÀw ¸ÀªÀð«¢vÀ.  GzÁ:- ¸ÁªÀiÁ£Àå EAVèÃµï ¥ÀzÀ®Ä, cat, rat, ran ªÀåAd£ÁA±ÀªÁzÉà G¼Àî !   ¥ÁPÀ ±À§Þ®Ä ¸ÀégÁAvÀ gÀÆ¥ÉÇqÀÄ vÉÆÃeÉÆAzÀÄ, ¥ÁvÉgÉÆzÀ ªÀÄmÉÆÖqÀÄ ªÀåAd£À gÀÆ¥ÉÇUÀÄ ¥ÀUÀzïð §¥Àð.   GzÁ:- come (PÀªÀiï), house (ºË¸ï) EvÁå¢.

05. vÀļÀÄ ¥ÁvÉgÉÆ£ï PÀ£ÀßqÀ (¨Áæ»ä) °¦mï NzÀÄ£ÀPÀļÀÄ F «ZÁgÉÆ£ï, E£ÀßUÀ, ªÀåAd£ÁA±À CPÀëgÉÆ¯É£ï NzÉgÉ, §gɪÉgÉ ¸ÁzsÀå EAzïzï vÉjAiÉÆA©£À CªÀ±Àå.  ¸ÀzÀå £ÀAªÀÄ ªÉÆ¼É eÉÆÃqÀuÉzÀ ªÀÄÄzÀæt ªÀåªÀ¸ÉÜqï, E¤à CzsÀð ªÀÄÄgÀÄAlÄ  ¸ÀĽvÀ CPÀëgÀ ¦æAmÁ¦£ÀªÉ£ï vÀƯÉ:  F ¥ÀzÀÞw ¥ÀæPÁgÀ, PÀ CPÀëgÉÆ£ï C¬Ä£Ávï ºÀȸÀé gÀÆ¥ÉÇUï PÀ£À¦à£À zÀȶÖ. E£ÀßUÀ, ¥ÀÇtð gÀÆ¥ÀzÀ ªÀåAd£À GZÁÑgÉÆUï ¥ÀjªÀvÀð£É ªÀiÁ¼ÀÛzï, £ÀAvÀæ Pï+C ¸ÉÃgÁìzï PÀ E¤à ¸ÀégÁAvÀ GZÁÑgÉÆ §¥ÁðªÀÅ£À jÃwqï, ªÀÄÄzÀætzÀ mÉÊ¥ï-ªÉƼɯɣÀ vÀƪÀ£ÀUÀ, Pï E¤à CPÀëgÉÆ£ÀÄ ¦æAmï ªÀiÁ¼ÀàgÉ   P + ï  E¤à gÀqïØ ªÉÆ¼É®Ä CUÀvÀåªÁzÀļÀî. ªÀÄÄ®à, F CzsÀð¸ÀĽ ( ï )vÀ ªÀÄÄRå PÉ®¸À ªÀåAd£À ¥ÀjªÀvÀð£É.  C¥ÀUÁAqÀ, E¤à ªÉÆ¼É ªÀåAd£ÀªÀvïÛ EAzïzï, ¨ÉÆPÀ  C¬Ämï ¸ÀégÀ GZÁÑgÀ ¸Éâð¥ÀÅöà£À «µÀAiÀÄ £ÀAªÀÄ UÀªÀģɯUÀÄ §gÉÆqÀÄ.   E£ÀßUÀ F  PÀ E¤à mÉÊ¥ï ªÉÆ¼Émï P  E¤à ªÀåAd£À + C˚ E¤à CvÀåAvÀ J¼Àå GZÁÑgÀzÀ ¸ÀégÀ ¸ÉÃgïÝ (ºÀȸÀé CPÁgÀ + GPÁgÀ zsÀ餪ÉÄ) ¸ÉÃgïÝ, CªÉÇAf ¸ÀégÁAvÀ CPÀëgÀªÁ¦£À jÃw PÀÄvÀƺÀ®PÁj DzÀÄAqÀÄ.  £À£À F P  CPÀëgÉÆUÀÄ ¢ÃWÀð aºÉß Á ¸ÉÃgïÝ P + Á = PÁ D¦£ÀªÀÅ PÀÆqÁ, ¸ÀA¢ü-CPÀëgÀzÀ ¤AiÀĪÀÄUï C£ÀĸÁgÀªÁzÉà GAqÀÄ.  F jÃwzÀ ±ÀæªÀt-ZÁPÀÄëPÀ jÃwqï vÀļÀÄ ¥ÁvÉgÉÆzÀ ªÀtðªÀiÁ¯É ¹zÀÞªÁ¦£À jÃw£ï «µÀzÀªÁzï zsÀ餪ÀiÁ ±Á¸ÉÆÛçÃqï (4. CPÀëgÀ ¥ÀæPÀgÀt) UÀªÀĤ¸ÉÆqÀÄ.  ¸ÀzsÀå ªÀÄÄzÀætzÀ P ¸ÀAeÉÕ MAf ¥ÀÇtð ¸Àé£ÁPÀëgÀ (Phoneme), E£ÀßUÀ GZÁÑgÀ ªÀiÁ¼ÉàgÉ D¦£À wÃgÁ J¼Àå zsÀé¤ EAzïzï vÉjAqÀ EAiÀiÁgÀÄ. vÀļÀÄ ¨sÁµÉqï wÃgÁ ºÀȸÀégÀÆ¥ÀzÀ DPÁgÀªÉÇAf (C + G ) E¤à CWÉÆÃµÀ ºÀȸÀé¸ÀégÀ zsÀ餪ÉÄ E¥ÀÅöà£À «µÀAiÀÄ vÉjzï, C˚, D, D E¤à ªÀÄÆf CPÁgÀ zsÀ餪ÉÄ®Ä EvÉÛzÀ gÀÆrüqï E¥ÀÅöà£À ¥ÁvÉgÉÆzÀ zÁnUï CªÀ±Àå E¤à ¸ÀAUÀw UÀªÀĤÃAiÀÄ.

06. £À£À MAf UÀªÀÄ£ÁºÀð «µÀAiÀÄ: vÀļÀĪÀ MAf £ÁUÀjÃPÀ ¨sÁµÉ. CAZÀ£É F ¥ÁvÉgÉÆzÀ £Áqïqï    ¥ÀæPÁ±ÀªÁ¬Ä£À ¸ÀA¸ÀÌöÈw dUÀvïÛzÀ G£ÀßvÀ ¸ÀA¸ÀÌöÈw¯ÉUï PÀ«ÄäAiÀiÁ¢fÓ.  vÀļÀÄ ¨sÁµÉ ¸ÁA¸ÀÌöÈwPÀ ¨sÁµÉ (cultured language)  E¤à  «µÀAiÉÆ£ÀÄ, £ÀÆzÀÄ ªÀµÀð ¦gÁPÉØÃ, ©±À¥ï qÁ| PÁ¯ïØ ªÉ®ègï, UËgÀªÀ¥ÀÇtðªÁzï M¦àzÉgï.

  CªÀÅ MAf eÁ£ÀAVPÀ DqÀĨsÁµÉ CvïÛ, E¤à  «µÀAiÀÄ £ÀAªÀÄ ªÀÄ£À¸ïìqï ¤¯É DªÉÇqÀÄ.  vÀļÀĪÀzÀ JªÉé MAf §ÄqÀPÀmïÖzÀ ¥ÁvÉgÉÆ, CªÉévÁÛ D¢zÁæ«qÀ d£ÀªÀiÁ¤qï ¥ÀvïÛzï, ¨É¤à£À §ºÀĸÀASÁåPÀgÉ£ï PÀÆqÉÆAzÀÄ, ªÉÄÃzsÁ« ¨ÁæºÀät  ªÀUÀðzÀ ¸ÀªÀiÁd®Ä vÀļÀÄ£Éà ªÀiÁvÀÈ ¨sÁµÉ Dzï ¥ÁvÉgÉégï.  vÉAPÉÊ PÁ¸ÀgÀUÉÆÃqÀÝ vÀļÀĪÉgï PÀ£ÁðlPÉÆqïÝ ¦zÁ¬Ä EvÉÛ G¼ÉîgïqÀ¯Á, CPÀļɣÀ ¸ÁA¸ÀÌöÈwPÀ-ªÀÄwÃAiÀÄ ¸ÀA§AzsÀ®Ä F vÀļÀĪÀ £ÁqÀÄqÉà MjzÀÄAqÀÄ.  CªÉ£ï PÀqÀÄà£ÀªÀÅ ¨sÁµÁ zÀȶÖqï «ªÉÃPÀgÀ»vÀ. zÁAiÉÄV£ÀßUÀ F ¨sÁµÉ d£ÀªÀiÁ¤£À ¸Á«gÀ PÁ®zÀ EwºÁ¸ÉÆ£ï, ¥ÁæzÉòPÀ ¸ÀA§AzsÀ JAZÀ §®vÉÆÛAzÀÄ §vÀÛAqï E¤à C£ÉÃPÁ£ÉÃPÀ ¸ÀAUÀw¯É£ï £ÀªÀÄ PÉ©mï PÉÃuÁàªÀÅAqÀÄ.  PÁ®PÁ¯ÉÆqÀÄ GAqÁ¬Ä£À, ªÀÄÆqïÝ ¨ÉÊ¢£À d£ÀªÀiÁ¤£À ±ËgÀå-¤Ãw-¤AiÀĪÀÄ, CPÀļɣÀ PÀµÀÖ, ¸ÀÄR, fêÀ£À ¥ÀzÀÞw, ¥ÀÇeÁ«¢ü EvÁå¢ CqÀPÀªÁ¢¦à£À ¸ÀA¥ÀÇtð ¸ÀA¸ÀÌöÈw£ï ªÀÄÄZÀÄѪÀÄzÉzÁAvÉ vÉÆÃeÁªÀÅ£À MAf ¸ÁzsÀ£À d£ÀªÀiÁ¤£À F ¥ÁvÉgÉÆ. D¬ÄPÉÆAf ¸Á»vÀå, ²¯Á¯ÉÃR, UÁæAyüPÀ ¥ÀgÀA¥ÀgÉ EvÀÛzïAqÀ £À£À¯Á ºÉaÑ£À ¸ÀºÀPÁjAiÀiÁvÀÄ.  DAqÀ¯Á vÀļÀĪÀ ¨sÁµÉ ¥ÁvÉgÉÆzÀ ªÀÄlÖqÀÄ ¥ÀgÀA¥ÀgÉ Mj¥ÁªÉÇAzÀÄ §wÛ£À¬ÄPï CªÉé MAf ªÀÄÄRå ¸ÁQë.  d£ÀªÀiÁ¤£À ¨Á¬ÄqïÝ PÉÃuïÝ §¦ð£À PÉ®ªÀÅ ¸ÀªÀiÁZÁgÉÆ®Ä ¸ÀÄgÀÄ-¸ÀÄgÀÄmï PÁ®à¤PÀ CxÀªÁ ¸Á»vÀå EAzïzï vÉjAqÀ¯Á, D ¸ÀªÀiÁZÁgÉÆ¯É£ï ¸ÀªÀÄxÀð£É ªÀiÁ¼ÀÄà£À ±Á¸À£ÉÆ®Ä zÁR¯É®Ä ®¨sÀåªÁ¬Ä£À £ÀAvÀæ d£ÀªÀiÁ¤£À ¥ÁvÉgÉÆ UÀvÀPÁ®zÀ EwºÁ¸ÉÆ£ï ¸ÉÆUÀ¸Ázï, ¸ÀÆPÀë÷äªÁzï vÉj¥ÁªÀÅ£ÀªÀÅ DzÀļÀî EAzïzï vÉjAiÉÆÃuÉÆ°.
  ¥ÀgÀA¥ÀgÁUÀvÀªÁzï ¨ÉÊ¢£À ¥ÁvÉgÉÆ EwºÁ¸ÉÆUÀÄ MAf ¥ÀÇgÀPÀ JAZÀ E£ÀßUÀ UÀªÀÄUÀªÀÄ PÀªÉÄä£À §¦ð£À PÀÄqÀ® ªÀİèUÉ£ï £Éʦ£ÀªÀůÁ MAf P˱À®å.  £ÉÊw£À zÁgÀ (§½î) D ªÀİèUÉzÀ CgÀ¼É¯É£ï MAdPÉÆÌAf JAZÀ ¥ÀvÉÆÛAzÀÄ ªÀİèUÉzÀ ZÀAqÀÄUï D¬ÄwUÉ (beauty) PÉÆ¥ÀÅðAqÀ, CAZÀ£Éà d£ÀªÀiÁ¤£À fêÀ£À ¥ÀgÀA¥ÀgÉqï ¨sÁµÉ ªÀwð¥ÀÅAqï. F zÁgÀ PÀrAiÀÄA¢£À ¯ÉPÉÆÌqÀÄ ªÉÇA©£À ¨sÁgÀ £ÀªÀÄ «ÄvïÛ MjzÀÄAqÀÄ.  ¨ÉÆÃqÁ¬Ä£Ávï «ZÁgÀ²Ã®, «zÁéA¸Égï vÀļÀĪÀzÀ vÀA¥ÀÅ ¤gÉ®qï G¼Éîgï.  vÀļÀÄ ¨sÁµÉ ¸ÀA¥ÀvÀÛUï C£ÀÄ¥ÀªÀÄ ¸ÉÃªÉ ¸À°è¸ÁªÉgÉ ¹zÀÞgÁzÀļÉîgï.

 07. «zÀévïÛ ¥Àj¥ÀÇtðªÁ¢¥ÀÅöà£À vÀļÀÄ£ÁqÀÝ F ¨sÁµÉ UÁæAyPÀ ¨sÁµÉ Dzï zÁAiÉÄUï D¬Äf E¤à «ZÁgÀ £ÀªÀÄ UÀªÀģɯUï §¦ð£ÀªÀÅ ¸ÀºÀd.  EAzÉPï PÁgÀt ¥ÁPÀªÀżÀî, PÉ®ªÀÅ PÁgÀt¯É£ï ªÀÄÄ®à vÉÆÃeÁªÀÅ£À CUÀvÀå. PÁgÀt®Ä :

 (1) ¨sÁµÉqï EwÛ£À PÀÄAzÀÄPÉÆgÀvÉ. °¦zÁAw£ÀªÀÅ ªÀÄ®è vÉÆAzÀgÉ D¢vÀÛAqÀ¯Á, PÀ£ÀßqÀzÀAa£À JqÉØ ¨Áæ»ä °¦£ï G¥ÀAiÉÆÃUÀ ªÀiÁ¼ÀÛzï §gɦ£À ¥ÀæAiÀÄvÀß PÉ®ªÀÅ ªÀµÀðqïÝ EAa £ÀqÀvÉÆAzÀÄ §vïÛzïAqï. zÀÄA§ÄqïÝ ¥ÀtÂÛ£À ªÀåAd£ÁA±ÀzÀ PÀµÀÖ ªÀiÁvÀæ vÀwÛf.

(2) ¥ÀævÀåAiÀÄ ¥ÀvÀÄÛ£À DPÀÈwªÀiÁ±Á¸ÀÛç (morphological structure) jÃw£ï CzsÀåAiÀÄ£À ªÀiÁ¼ÀÛzï, ªÁåPÀgÀt ¤AiÀĪÀįɣï, gÀÆrUÉÆA§Ä£À ¯ÉPÉÆÌ vÉj¥ÁªÀÅ£À AiÀÄvÀß F vÀ£ÀPÀ* £ÀqÀwf.

(3) ¸ÀA¥ÀÇtðªÁzï PÀ£ÀßqÀzÀ ¥ÀævÀåAiÀÄ gÀÆ¥À¯É£ï C£ÀÄPÀgÀuÉ ªÀiÁ¼ÀÄà£À AiÀÄvÉÆßqÀÄ ¥ÁvÉgÉÆzÀ QèµÀÖvÉ JZÁªÉÇAzÀÄ ¥ÉÇÃAqÀÄ.  GzÁ:- PÀ£ÀßqÀzÀ UÀ¼ÀÄ  ¥ÀævÀåAiÀÄ §ºÀĪÀZÀ£À ¸ÀÆZÀPÀ EAzÀ vÀļÀÄmï PÀļÀ E¤à gÀÆ¥ÉÇqÀÄ GAqÀÄ.  F PÀļÀÄ  ¥ÀævÀåAiÀÄ CWÉÆÃµÀ-¥ÀgÀĵÀ zsÀé¤vÀªÀÅ Dzï GZÁÑgÀ zÀȶÖqÀÄ EAa£À ºÉÃgÀ¼ÀªÁzÀ G¥ÀAiÉÆÃUÀ ªÀiÁ¼ÀÄà£À ¥ÀæAiÀÄvÀß ¸ÁzsÀĪÀvïÛ. GvÀÛªÀÄ, ªÀÄzsÀåªÀÄ ¥ÀÅgÀĵɯUÀÄ, ªÀiÁ£ÀªÀªÀUÀð ¸ÀÆZÀPÀªÁzï, F PÀļÀÄ ¥ÀævÀåAiÀÄ ¥ÀvÀÄÛ£À jÃw ¸ÀºÀd.  AiÀiÁ£ï-JAPÀļÀÄ, F-¤PÀļÀÄ, DAiÉÄ,D¼ï-CPÀļÀÄ, eÉÆÃªÀÅ-eÉÆÃPÀļï EvÁå¢ ªÀiÁ£ÀªÀ ªÀUÀð(§Ä¢Þ E¥Àà£À) ¸ÀÆZÀPÀ ¥ÀzÀ¯ÉUï PÀļÀÄ ¥ÀævÀåAiÀÄ  gÀÆrüqÉ EwÛ£ÀªÀÅ.  DAqÀ F PÀļÀÄ ¥ÀævÀåAiÉÆ£ÀÄ £À¥ÀÅA¸ÀPÀ £ÁªÀÄ¥ÀzÀ¯ÉUï GzÁºÀgÀuÉUÁzï, ªÀÄgÀ, ¥ÉvÉÆÛ EvÁ墯ÉUï ¥ÀvÀÛªÀÅ£À jÃwqï vÀļÀĨsÁµÉzÀ §ºÀĪÀZÀ£À®Ä PÀļÀÄ ªÀÄAiÀĪÁ¦£À ¸ÀA¨sÀªÀªÀÅAqÀÄ.  PÀ£ÀßqÀ jÃw£À C£ÀÄPÀgÀuÉ ªÀiÁ¼ïÛzï ªÀÄgÀUÀ¼ÀÄ, ºÀ¸ÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ E¤à£À ±À§Ý®Ä ªÀÄgÀPÀÄ̼ï, ¥ÉvÀÛPÀÄ̼ï, D¦£À¬Ämï, QèPï-zsÀé¤ ¨sÁµÉzÀ gÀÆ¥ÉÇ£ï PÉr¸ÁªÀÅAqÀÄ.  UÁæªÀÄå ¥ÁvÉgÉÆqÀÄ F QèPï-zsÀé¤ E¥ÉÇà°.  DAqÀ UÀæAxÀ ¨sÁµÉqï, ¸Á»vÀå ¨sÁµÉqï QèPï-zsÀé¤ EvïÛAqÀ NzÀÄ£ÀªÀÅ ¥ÀæAiÀiÁ¸ÀzÁAiÀÄPÀ.  PÀ£ÀßqÉÆ£ï C£ÀÄPÀgÀuÉ ªÀļɯàqÀÄ E¤à ¤AiÀĪÀÄ vÀļÀĨsÁµÉVfÓ.
  vÉ®ÄUÀÄ ¨sÁµÉqï F QèPï-zsÀé¤ EfÓ.  ¥ÀAqÀÄ®Ä (=¥ÀgÀAzÀÄ®Ä), UÀÄgÀĪÀÄÄ®Ä (=PÀÄzÀÄgÉ®Ä) EvÁå¢ vÉ®ÄUÀÄ §ºÀĪÀZÀ£À ¥ÀævÀåAiÀÄ ®Ä vÀļÀÄ ¥ÁvÉgÉÆUï ºÉÆAzÉÆAzÀÄ §¥ÀÅðAqÀÄ.  CAZÀ vÀļÀÄvÀ ªÀÄgÉÆ®Ä, ¥ÉvÉÆÛ®Ä, §ºÀĪÀZÀ£À gÀÆ¥ÀªÁ¦£À¬Ämï ¥ÁvÉgÉÆzÀ QèµÀÖvÉ vÀ¥ÁàªÀgÉ ¸ÁzsÀå.

(4) «¨sÀQÛ ¥ÀævÀåAiÀÄ®Ä ¥ÀvÀÄÛ£À¬Ämï ¸ÀAzÉúÀ,ªÁåPÀÄ® EwÛ£ÀªÉÃ.  zÁæ«qÀ¨sÁµÉ¯Éqï ¥ÀæxÀªÀÄ «¨sÀQÛUï (nominative case) ¥ÀævÀåAiÀÄ ¥ÀvÀÄÛf.  DAqÀ F ¥ÀævÀåAiÀÄ MAf zsÀ餪ÉÄ DzÀÄ¥ÉàgÉ ¸ÁzsÀå.  GzÁ:- £À¥ÀÅA¸ÀPÀ °AUÀzÀ ªÀÄgÀ, ¥ÉvÀÛ ¥ÀzÀ¯ÉUï G ¥ÀævÀåAiÀÄ ¥ÀvÀÛzï ªÀÄgÀ+G=ªÀÄgÉÆ, ¥ÉvÀÛ +G=¥ÉvÉÆÛ D¦£À ¸ÀA¢ü ¤AiÀĪÀÄ vÀļÀÄ ¨sÁµÉzÀ (¥ÁvÉgÉÆzÀ ªÀÄmÉÆÖqÀÄ) ªÉʲµÀÖ÷å.  ºÀ¼ÉUÀ£ÀßqÉÆqÀÄ ªÀÄgÀA, ºÀ¸ÀÄA E¤à£ÀªÀÅ®Ä CA ¥ÀævÀåAiÀÄ °AUÀ ¥ÀævÀåAiÀÄ£Éà EAzïzï ¥ÀuÉgÉUÁ¥ÀÅf.  zÁAiÉÄV£ÀßUÀ, PÉògÁd£À "CgÀ¸ÀA, ªÀÄÆRðA ¸ÀaªÀgÀ ¸ÀgÀ¸Àéwà zÉÆæÃºÀgÀ " E¤à£ÀªÀÅ®Ä CgÀ¸À, ªÀÄÆRð ¥ÀzÀ®Ä £À¥ÀÅA¸ÀPÀ °AUÀªÀvïÛ,  CA E¤à£ÀªÀÅ ¥ÀæxÀªÀiÁ «¨sÀQÛ CxÀªÁ ¥ÀæxÀªÀiÁ ¥ÀÅgÀĵÀ ¥ÀævÀåAiÀÄ EAzÀzÉà vÉÆÃdÄAqÀÄ. °AUÀ,¥ÀÅgÀĵÀ «¨sÀQÛ ¥ÀævÀåAiÀÄ®Ä KPÀPÁ¯ÉÆqÀÄ ¸ÉÃgÀÄ£À ¸ÀAzsÀ¨ÉÆðqÀÄ ¥ÀævÀåAiÀÄ £ÀÆå£ÀªÁ¦£ÀªÀÅ (zero morpheme) ¨sÁµÉzÀ ¸ÀgÀ¼ÀvÉUÁªÀqï, CxÀ𠦣ÁàªÀÅ£À ªÀÄÄRå GzÉÝñÀUÁªÀqï zÉÆÃµÀ EeÁÓAw£ÀªÀÅ.

(5) £À£À, ªÀvÀðªÀiÁ£À ¨sÀ«µÀvÁÌ®zÀ CSÁåvÀ ¥ÀævÀåAiÀÄ®Ä vÀļÀÄ ¨sÁµÉqï ¢Ad UÀ°©° ªÀiÁ¼ïÛ¢£É£ï gɪÉgÉAqï| ©æeɯÉgÉ£À ªÁåPÀgÀt vÀƪÉǰ, GzÁ:-


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" With respect of our own language, there seem to be a kind of claim upon all who make use of it, to do something for its improvement; and the best we can do for this purpose at present, is to establish its actual structure, and the varieties with which it is used".    
   -Joseph Priestly

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10. vÀļÀĪÀ «zÀédÓ£ÀPÀÄ®Ä F PÀÈwmï J£Àß QAavÁÌ®zÀ CzsÀåAiÀÄ£À ¥sÀ®ªÁzÉÆ CxÀªÁ «µÀAiÀÄ ¤gÀÆ¥ÀuÉqï MzÀUïzï §wÛ£ÀªÁzÉÆÃ E¥ÀÅöà£À JªÉÇéAf zÉÆÃµÀ¯É£ï wzÉÆÝAzÀÄ, ¹éÃPÀj¸Ázï, vÀļÀĪÀ d£ÀvÉUï ªÀiÁUÀðzÀ±ÀðPÉgÁzï vÀļÀĪÀ ¨sÁµÉ vÀ£Àß ¸ÀéAvÀ ¸ÁªÀÄxÉÆðqÀÄ, agÁAiÀÄÄ Dzï MjAiÀÄgÉUï ºÀÈvÀÆàªÀðPÀ ¸ÀºÀPÁgÀ, ¸À®ºÉ PÉÆzÀÄð £ÀqÀ¥ÀÅqÉÆqÀÄ EAzïzï, PÉògÁd£ÀAa£À ªÀĺÁªÉÄÃzsÁ« ¥ÀǪÀð¸ÀÆjAiÉÄgÉ£ï ¸Àäj¸ÉÆAzÀÄ PÉÃuÉà.

ªÉÄʸÀÆgÀÄ
 22-5-1980

     *©. PÉ. J¸ï.   

8.ತುಳು ಪಾತೆರೊ ಭಾಗ ೧ ಭಾಷಾ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ


§ÄzsÁ£ÀAzÀ ²ªÀ½î CgÉ£À

vÀļÀÄ ¥ÁvÉgÉÆ
Philology  & Grammar of  TuLu Language
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Philology or Linguistics


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Tuesday, August 22, 2017

7.ತುಳು ಪಾತೆರೊ: ತುಳು ಭಾ‍ಷಾ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ ಬೊಕ ವ್ಯಾಕರಣ

ಬುಧಾನಂದ ಶಿವಳ್ಳಿ ( ೧೯೨೩ - ೧೯೮೨  ) ಅರೆನ "ತುಳು ಪಾತೆರೊ: ತುಳು ಭಾ‍ಷಾ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ ಬೊಕ ವ್ಯಾಕರಣ"
ಮೂಲ ಪುಸ್ತಕದ ಪೂರ್ಣ ಪಾಠ ಈ ಲಚರಿ (ಬ್ಲಾಗ್) ಡ್  ದುಂಬುದ ಪುಟೊಕುಲೆಡ್  ಪ್ರಕಟವಾಪುಂಡು. ಒಂಜೊಂಜಿ ಅಂಕಣಲೆಡ್ ಕ್ರಮವಾದ್ ಒಂಜೊಂಜಿ  ಪ್ರಕರಣೊಲೆನ್ ಕೊರ್ಪುಂಡು.
ತುಳು  ಪಾತೆರೊ ಪುಸ್ತಕದ 
ವಿಕಿ(ತುಳು) ಪುಟ.   ಸಂಕ್ಷಿಪ್ತವಾಯಿನ  ಕೃತಿ  ಪರಿಚಯೊನು ಈ ವಿಕಿ ಪುಟೊಟುಲಾ ಓದೋಲಿ.(ನೀಲಿಡ್ ಅಡಿಗೆರೆ ಪಾಡ್ದಿನ "ತುಳು ಪಾತೆರೊ ಪುಸ್ತಕ" ಶಬ್ಧೊನು ಕ್ಲಿಕ್ ಮಲ್ಪುಲೆ).
ತುಳುಪಾತೆರೊ ಪುಸ್ತಕೊಡು ಮೂಜಿ ಭಾಗೊಲು ಉಂಡು:
ಭಾಗ ೧: ಭಾಷಾ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ
ಭಾಗ ೨: ತುಳು ವ್ಯಾಕರಣ
ಭಾಗ ೩: ಅನುಬಂಧಲು.

ಭಾಗ ಒಂಜಿ -ಭಾಷಾಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ
ಪುಸ್ತಕದ  ಮುದೆಲ್ದ ಭಾಗೊಡು ಉಪ್ಪುನ ಅಧ್ಯಾಯೊಲು ಇಂಚ ಉಂಡು:
ಮುದೆಲ್ಪಾತೆರೊ
  1. ಭಾಷೆ
  2. ತುಳುವ ಪಾತೆರೊದ ಇತಿಹಾಸ
  3. ಶಬ್ಧ ವ್ಯುತ್ಪತ್ತಿ
ಕೊಡಿಪಾತೆರೊ
ಭಾಗ ರಡ್ಡ್:  ತುಳು ವ್ಯಾಕರಣ
ರಡ್ಡನೆಯ ಬಾಗೊಡು ಬರ್ಪಿನ ಪ್ರಕರಣೊಲು ಇಂಚ ಉಂಡು:
  1. ಅಕ್ಷರ ಪ್ರಕರಣ
  2. ಸಂಧಿ ಪ್ರಕರಣ
  3. ಶಬ್ಧ ಪ್ರಕರಣ
  4. ನಾಮ ಪ್ರಕರಣ
  5. ವಿಶೇಷಣ ಪ್ರಕರಣ
  6. ಧಾತು ಪ್ರಕರಣ
  7. ಕ್ರಿಯಾ ಪ್ರಕರಣ
  8. ಕೃದಾಂತ-ತಧ್ಧಿತಾಂತ ಪ್ರಕರಣ
  9. ಅವ್ಯಯ ಪ್ರಕರಣ
  10. ಸಮಾಸ ಪ್ರಕರಣ
  11. ತತ್ಸಮ ಪ್ರಕರಣ
  12. ವಾಕ್ಯ ಪ್ರಕರಣ
  13. ಲೇಖನ ಜಿಹ್ನೆ ಪ್ರಕರಣ
  14. ಜನಪದ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ
  15. ಭಾಷೆ-ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತಿ.

ಭಾಗ ೩:  ಅನುಬಂಧಲು.
ಮೂಜನೆಯ ಭಾಗೊಡು ಅನುಬಂಧೊಲೆನ್ ಸೇರಾದುಂಡು. ಅವು ಇಂಚ ಉಂಡು:

ಅನುಬಂಧ ೧: ಮೂಲ ದ್ರಾವಿಡೊಡ್ದ್ ಏಕಪ್ರವಾಹವಾದ್ ತುಳು-ಕನ್ನಡ ಭಾಷೆಲೆಗ್ ಬೈದಿನ ಪದಲು.
ಅನುಬಂಧ ೨: ಪ್ರಾಚೀನ ತಮಿಳು ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯೊಲೆಡ್ ತುಳುವ ಸಾಮಿಪ್ಯದ ಪದಲು
ಅನುಬಂಧ ೩: ಶಬ್ಧ ವ್ಯುತ್ಪತ್ತಿ- ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಭಾರತದ ಮುಖ್ಯ ಭಾಷೆಲೆಗ್ ತುಳು ಸಾಮಿಪ್ಯ
ಅನುಬಂಧ ೪ ಅ: ತುಳು ಕ್ರಿಯಾ ಧಾತುಲು
ಅನುಬಂಧ ೪ ಇ: ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತ್ ಧಾತುರೂಪಲು- ಕೃದಾಂತ-ತಧ್ಧಿತಾಂತ (ಸಾಧಿತ ) ರೂಪಲು.
ಅನುಬಂಧ ೪ ಉ: ತುಳು ಧಾತುಲೆಡ್ದ್ ಕೃದಾಂತ-ತಧ್ಧಿತ ನಾಮಪದ ರಚನೆ.
ಅನುಬಂಧ ೫: ತುಳು ಲಿಂಗ್,ವಚನ ಕಾಲ ಪ್ರತ್ಯಯಲು, ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದಲು.

ಕನ್ನಡ ಲಿಪಿ ವಿಕಾಸ.


Wednesday, July 1, 2009

6.Chapter I: The Languages of the world- Part IV

DRAVIDIAN LANGUAGES
1.60 Pope believed that Dravidian languages were part of Aryan group of languages while Dr Caldwell considered that Dravidian languages were part of the Scythian Group. Max Mueller considered that Dravidian –Scythian languages were agglutinative in nature.
However, the Dravidian languages have independent grammar and they are one of the important language groups of India.
1.61 As emphasised by Dr Caldwell in Dravidian languages " all nouns denoting inanimate and irrational being are of neuter gender”. Similarly Keshiraja (ca. 10th Century CE) Kannada grammarian describes the nature of genders in Sanskrit.

Purushare pullingam Striyare tam sree
Linga mulidudallam nappa
gire salgum kannadadol
parivartisavulida lingamolavagirdum .


Thus there are three genders in Dravidian namely masculine, feminine and neuter depending upon the actual nature of the objects like male, female and subhuman or inanimate.
This is in contrast to Sanskrit and other Indo-European languages wherein confusion in allocation of gender tags appear to prevail. For example, in Sanskrit ‘tarpa’(=raft) is considered grammatically masculine, whereas ‘veda’ (=boat) is feminine, in spite of both being objects floating on water. Similarly in German ‘regen’(rain) is masculine, while ‘regenen’ (shower) is feminine.
1.62. In Dravidian languages Verbs change in form in Dravidian languages depending on the associated genders. Consider the following Tulu usages:

Masculine: Aye batte- e suffix
Feminine: Aal Battal - al suffix
Neuter : Avu batt’nD. - U suffix

In the words of Caldwell ” this rule presents a marked contrast to the rules respecting gender which we find in the vivid and highly imaginative Sanskrit and other Indo-European languages.”
This Dravidian feature is unlike in English where the verbs do not change with respect to different genders.

1.63. Prepositions as well as Cases are meaningful morphemes in Dravidian languages. Following quartet is a freely translated Tulu version of Kesirajas original Kannada note on the cases:

Maravitt’nDa maronu kaDipu
MaroDdu mAlpanen marokpaD neern
maratalpaDitire boorunDa
maratavu parnd marotire tiggondipulaa marane.

In mara+u+k k forms the fourth case . It is generally considered that there is no first case in the case of Dravidian languages like Tulu. However, in fact the first case exists and it is a mild u form. For example: mara+u .

On this issue Dr G S Gai says that: “The stem itself or the stem with gender suffix forms the nominative singular. In modern scientific linguistics the nominative case here will be said to possess morpheme zero.” ( GS Gai: “Historical grammar of Kannada”).

1.64 In Dravidian languages suffix are not attached to adjectives in the sentences, but verbs do get suffixes. For example:
“Sundare adittina Rāme”. Or “ Sundara Rāme” – e suffix on nouns
Rāme shoore”, Rāme dheere, - e suffix on verbs
Porluda āL, etc.

And the adjectives mostly precede nouns in the sentences. For example:
Shoora Rame duShta Ravanan keriye
This feature is unlike that in Sanskrit, wherein suffixes attach to adjectives also and change according to gender. For example:

Pavanah anilah (masculine)
Aho, Pavani , Bhagavathi, Bhagirathi (feminine). Etc
And in Dravidian while adjectives precede nouns, sentences tend to end with verbs.
Rame sundare aditte
Rame shoore aditte.”

With regard to this Caldwell says: "Preposition of adjectives and adverbs change place with noun and becomes a post-position in virtue of its governing a case and finally the sentence is concluded by one-all governing finite verb.”

1.65 Vocalic harmony is another feature of Dravidian languages. In Tulu for example:
Aye batte
Aal battāl
Avu batt’nu.


If we notice carefully in the word batte is not a simple e suffix; it is a mild nasal ending suffix ‘en’. In reality ‘I came’ in Tulu should have been -and probably it was so in the past as- ” Yaan batten” . However the end ‘en’ has been now reduced to mild nasal e⁰ wherein ⁰ symbol can be introduced to represent the mild but recognisible relic of former nasal suffix en which has become mild now.

1.66 In the present Dravidian languages especially those with script, the words are mostly vowel ending. However, this feature is not found in Tulu language . Tulu words are mostly consonant ending and some of the words also contain consonants in the middle of the words. For example In the Tulu word “ malt’d’ “ (after doing) at the end d is an consonant without vowel at the end. Similarly t is another common vowel-less consonant in the middle of the word in Tulu language. This is not the case in other Dravidian languages like Kannada where the equivalent word for malt’d’ is maaDi which has an vowel at the end.

Consonant ending words are quite common in English language. For example lack, labour, land, languish, lantern, lap, last etc. And further in English several vowel ending words that are pronounced as if there are no vowels at the end of the word! For example lake, lame, lane, language, league etc.
Presence of different vowels or absence of it affects the meaning of the word. Note the following examples:
kaDpu= to cut
kaDupu=to sweeten
kaDepu=to grind
kaDapu=to cross

1.67. In Dravidian languages there are two vachanas (numbers), namely singular and plural. Comparatively, in Sanskrit there are three vachanas: singular, double, and plural.

1.68 Passive voice is not common in Dravidian languages. Passive voice is common in Sanskrit and English. However in modern Kannada and other languages passive voice apparently was incorporated as a result of influence of English usage patterns.

1.69 There are some more minor features that are characteristic of the Dravidian languages.
1. Neuter nouns normally remain singular. Petto meypunDu.
2. There are two types of plurals on first person: Exclusive and inclusive. ‘Enkulu’ in Tulu refers to we ( all of us) in general whereas ‘nama’ stands for we.(all including me).
3. Specific verbs do exist in the Dravidian language to express negative meanings. For example: Ijji, ijjantina, avandina, etc.
4. There are separate words to refer to seniors and juniors among relatives in Dravidian languages. For example elder brother is known as ‘palaye’ or ‘anne’ and younger brother is known as ‘meggye’. There are specific words assigned for elder sister and younger sister ‘Paldi’ and ‘Megdi ‘(or ‘tangadi’), ‘maama-maami’, ‘dodda(mma)-chikka(mma)’ etc.
5. Dravidian languages are characterized by ample usage of consonants such as Ta (t as in tiger) and Da (d as in day), In Tulu Da is used instead of Ta in sister Dravidian languages. For example unTu(=available, or exists; Kannada) is unDu in Tulu.

AaT (=goat; Tamil)=AeD(Tulu) = AaDu(Kannada)
KuruTa (=blind,Tamil)=kuruDa (Kannada)=kuruDe (Tulu). Etc

6. The accent falls on the initial phoneme in some words in Dravidian languages like Tulu. For example in Tulu word ‘barsa’(=rains), the accent falls on the initial ba (as if it is ‘bbarsa’) whereas in Hindi ‘baras’ there is no initial accent.
7. The suffix la appends to certain verb roots and forms additional verbs in Tulu. For example: bar +la > balla (=come). po+la> pola (=go).
In Kannada the la form is missing in similar verb roots. bar > baa or baara (=come). Po> pogu (=go).
These examples cited above are some of the features common to Dravidian languages which distinguish them from the Indo-Aryan languages.
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Saturday, September 22, 2007

5. Chapter1: The Language- Part III

Language Groups in the World
1.50. There are about 3000 principal languages and numerous subordinate dialects in the world. There is no rule that one country shall have only one language. Many of the countries in the world have several languages. There are thousands of languages in the American continent alone. In India, the existence of 50 to 60 main languages and sub-languages is often considered a setback in political circles. It is no wonder that a continent of India’s size should have so many languages. Still most of these languages belong to few language groups.

1.51. There are about 132 languages in the Indo-European Group. About half of the world’s population speaks these languages. English is one of the principal languages in the Group. The English originated in England but worldwide as a common language of communication. There is an expansive and inexhaustible collection of literature in English. Major languages of India like Hindi, Hindustani, Urdu, Bengali, Gujarathi, Marathi, Sindhi, Punjabi, and Bihari and South Indian languages like Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam have evolved independent scripts while Tulu, Kodava and Gonda etc language have to depend on other languages for the script.
Generally the languages of the North India are related to Sanskrit while the language of the south India are considered to be interrelated and part of the Dravidian Group.

1.52. Next to the Indo-European, Austro-Asiatic and Sino-Tibetan are major language groups spread in the region. In northern Europe Finno-Ugric or Ural languages and in the west mid-Asia Turkey-Mongolian or Altaic languages prevail. In the African continent, several languages exist but India is in contact with Egypt and northern Africa since ages. In northern Africa Ethiopia, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, Algeria and other countries belong to Semitic Group of languages. West coast of India is in contact with Arabian countries since historical days especially for commerce. We shall look into some of the languages connected with the study of Tulu language.
(a) Indo-European languages: can be divided into four subgroups namely (1) Sanskrit-Iranian (2)Iranian –Slavic (3)Greek-Italic and (4) Germanic-Romance.
Sanskrit-Iranian includes Sanskrit, proto-Sanskrit and Sanskrit related languages like Nepali,Kashmiri,Hindi,Urdu,Gujarathi,Marathi,Sindhi,Punjabi,Oria,Bengali,Assami,Turkey,Baluchi, Afghan and Kurdish languages. Iranian –Slavic languages include Russian, Bulgarian, Serbian, Bylo-russian, Ukranian, Polish, Czech, Slavak etc.
Greek-Italic includes proto-Greece, modern Greek, Baltic, Lithuanian, Albanian, Indo-hitite, Latin, Oscon,Venetic etc.
Germanic-Roman languages includes German, Gothic, Dutch, Scandinavian, Keltic, Anglo-Saxon, modern English, Portuguese, Spanish, French, modern Italian, Romanian etc.
(b).Dravidian languages: Include Proto-Dravidian, Tamil, Kannada, Telugu, Malayalam, Tulu, Kodava, Gondi, Malto, Brahui etc.
(c).Austro-Asiatic languages: Munda languages of India (Chotanagapur and Himachal Pradesh)
(d) Sino-Tibetan: Also known as Indo-Chinese languages) include Chinese and Tibetan languages.
(e) Semitic languages: Include Arabic, Akkadian, Amharic, Tigrinya Hebrew, Maltese, etc.
(f) Finno-Uralic languages: include Finnish and Uralic languages.. Dr Caldwell showed that Ural languages were related to Dravidian languages.
(g)Turkey-Mongolian: Turkey and Mongolian languages.

1.53 Languages are related to social contacts rather than to races. In the words of Max Muller “Linguistics is the test of social contact and not of racial kinship. Any attempt at squiring the classification of races and tongues must necessarily fail.”
Another point of importance is that a language may be spoken by several communities originated from diverse racial groups. Even though there may be differences in pronunciation or accents of different people speaking a language it is considered variations of a single language. For example, in Tulu language has been divided into a Brahmin Tulu and Shudra Tulu. This is not a good development. A language is basically guided by its grammar and naturally shall have dialectical variations depending upon the composition of its speaking community, but it is not advisable to divide the languages along communal lines.

1.54 Based on the grammar, linguists have classified languages into five groups:
1) Isolative
2) Agglutinative
3) Inflectional
4) Polysynthetic
5) Incorporative.

Isolative language is exemplified by Chinese. Words may have different meanings, depending on the position of the words in the sentences. Verbs usually are placed in between the noun and the predicate.
Agglutinative refers to Dravidian languages like Tulu, where the words are formed by the joining together of morphemes. Altaic, Tibeto-Burman, Bantu and Basque etc also are agglutinative languages.
Inflectional include Indo-European, Romance (Spanish, Italian, French and Romanian) and Basque languages .For example the word structure of ‘asmi’ (Sanskrit ) can be compared with that of ‘im’(Gothic).
Polysynthetic represents the language where words give elaborate meanings that need longer sentences in other languages to convey the same.
Incorporative represents languages where several word join mix in such away to change in meaning that word analyses becomes difficult.

1.55 In the context of Tulu language study of agglutinative (Dravidian) and inflectional languages (Sanskrit) are pertinent. In Tulu the four words namely:
Raame kadthe kudari mara
can be assembled into a sentence using appropriate morpheme such as
Rame kudariD’d maron kadthe.
This is an example of agglutinative Dravidian style of grammar, wherein the meaningful morphemes join without alteration onto the words. It is easier to identify the morphemes or cases and also the essential meaning of the sentence.
In inflectional languages, the morphemes diminish into a low or unidentifiable state. In the Sanskrit, ‘RaameNa’ the meaning of ‘eNa’ is not distinct.
Incorporative language are one step ahead in that assembly of words merge in such a way their original form is almost undecipherable. Sweet opined that “… if inflection is agglutinative run mad, incorporative is inflection run madder still.”.
Thus, in this regard it can be stated that Dravidian grammatic rules are clean and distinct.

(To be continued)

Tuesday, August 14, 2007

4. Chapter1. The Language –( part II )

…. (Continued from the previous post) …

Philology: Origin and Applications
1.30 In ancient Greece great philosophers, apart from science and literature, also studied several aspects of the language. Herodotus (5thCentury BCE) has described the story of an ancient Egypt King, who allowed two kids to roam freely in a garden to study how they learnt the language. The first word these kids learnt was related to the food.
Greek philosopher Plato (427-327 BCE) studied the relationship between the objects and their names. Consequently, two schools of thoughts were formed: Analogists believed that the language is natural and words are related to the nature of the objects in question. And ananalogists asserted that the structure of the language is inconsistent. Studies by analogists led to the development of etymology or the study of origin of words. Yet the analogists were unable to explain the logic behind origin of many of the words. For example ‘lithos’ came from ‘lian theein’ which means ‘to run too much’ .Even though it is true that rocks get eroded away, the basic character of rocks such as hardness and stability are not reflected in the root meaning.
1.31 Subsequently, Latin became the main language of the Roman Empire. In the later centuries, regional European languages like Italian, .French, German and Spanish developed. English language also developed as a consequence of contact with German. Even though the study of grammar was in vogue at that time, the philology came into being after the study of Sanskrit by westerners. At that time, languages were considered widely as the creation of God. Even the Bible conveyed that opinion. In India, people believed that Sanskrit was created by God. Sanskrit was considered a divine language and it was kept out of reach of the shudras and women. Bhatta Kalanka (17th Century AD) declared that Sanskrit was divine. He tried to explain the differences among Sanskrit, Prakrit and Dravidian languages as variations in the quality of water in different terrains in spite of being derived from the same rain.
India was steeped in religious bigotry in the early historical days preventing growth of true scientific temper, but Panini’s (ca.520 BC) classic work on Sanskrit grammar was exceptionally meritorious that kindled the growth of systematic grammars in the European languages.
1.32 William Joans (1746-1794) was the first to envisage that Sanskrit, Latin and Greek were evolved from a single language of early historical period. Joans served as an advocate in the British India for eleven years. During the fag end of his lifetime he studied Sanskrit that led to the exposition of common heritage of the Indo-European languages. For example note for the English words mother, two, three and he is: the Sanskrit equivalents words are: matru, dwa, thraya and asthi. Because of such similarities, Sanskrit was considered a part of the family of Indo-European languages.

1.33 With exposition of knowledge, the myth of divine creation of languages was eventually obliterated. Esperance observed that “the very imperfections and changeability of language speak against the divine origin. Language as gradually developed must be the work of man himself and therein as difference from the immutable cries and songs of lower animals”.
1.34 During 1866, in Paris La Societe de Linguistique and proposition of four theories on the origin of languages.
(a) Bow-vow theory: According to this theory, some of the words like that of bird names are derived from the way they make sound. Thus, the bird that cries kaw- kaw became ‘kaka’ in Sanskrit. That crows (rough imitative sound) became ‘crow’ in English. Or that cries karr- karr became ‘karke’ and further > ‘kakke’ in Tulu and so on. Similarly, the Sanskrit bird name kuyil or kokila (=koel) were derived. The word ‘ghanta’(=bell) was derived from the sound (ghan- ghan) it makes.
(b) Pooh-pooh theory: Exclamations uttered by people out of pain, anguish, surprise etc or as a simple expression of greeting people. This includes words like Oh, Ah, Wah, Hey, Sh, Hai, Hello etc.
(c) Ding-dong theory: Every material has its own inherent sound and the language or words were expressed in response to these sounds. This theory was favoured by Max Mueller.
(d) Yo-hoho theory: This includes the sounds people make while carrying out labour intensive jobs, such as pulling weights.
In spite of the impressive list above, these theories have not contributed significantly to the study of languages.
1.35 Esperance stressed the importance of sound in language as follows: “We may perhaps draw conclusion that primitive languages in general was rich in all kinds of different sounds-tone plays an important part in many primitive languages-we must imagine primitive language consisting of different sounds and sung rather than spoken”.
1.36 Following the study of Sanskrit grammar compiled by Panini, western scholars realized its virtues. In the words of Leonard Bloomfield, it is a great development of human intellect. The fine details structure of the language and rules of grammar expounded in Panini’s grammar are unparallel in the history and it in turn laid foundation for the growth and development of modern philology and linguistics.
In the opinion of Max Mueller, a comparative philologist without the knowledge of Sanskrit is like an astronomer without the knowledge of mathematics. Yet, the Sanskrit was considered a dead language at that time. For example Ellis expressed that: “Almost in our own days came the discovery of Sanskrit and philology proper began but alas at the wrong end. For the pure science of language, to begin with Sanskrit was as much beginning at the wrong end, as it would have been to commence Zoology with paleontology- the relations of life with the bones of the dead.”
Thus the philologists paid their attention to the study of living languages such as the Dravidian. Rt Rev. Dr.R.Caldwell (1956) conducted an extensive study of the grammar of South Indian Dravidian languages. Dr. Kittel compiled an excellent dictionary of Kannada. Rev.J. Brigel compiled the first published grammar of Tulu language. Kittel and Brigel conducted and published their studies from Mangalore, the heart of Tulunad. Philology was not a subject at that time in Indian Universities. Yet these works have remained prized early references for any study of Kannada and Tulu languages.

1.40 Language of the People
Language is pronunciation according to Whitney. In any language the important aspect is its sound. The sound pronounced travels to listeners ear, becomes audible so that it is understood by him. When the language is in written form, the reader grasps the pronunciation by himself and understands the meaning. Thus the pros and cons of the language lie in its pronunciation. According to A. Mario, “Language is an expression of human activity and as human activity is forever changing, language changes with it.” Thus languages grow along with people and according to their activities and preferences. The prosperity or destitution of the society influences the language also. Thus languages grow naturally along with the society and wipe out if the society is obliterated. Pali was a prominent spoken language that subsequently was adapted to written form in the ancient India especially when Buddhism took birth and flourished. With the decline of Buddhism in India, the Pali language was disused and presently even to study the structure of that language one has to travel to neighbouring countries like Srilanka, Myanmar, Indonesia or other countries to borrow Pali texts that traveled abroad along with Buddhist missionaries.

1.41 The language is a part of our behaviour. For example Tulu people have their own characteristic looks, body shapes, mannerisms, dress codes, costumes and general life styles. Tulu language has molded itself over the years in tune with the evolution of cultural characteristics of the Tulu people.

1.42 The main motive of the language is to convey the intended feeling of the person expressing. In turn the reader or the listener should be able to understand the expression using the same language. The precision of expression counts in this transaction. The language can be made to convey the precise meanings by imparting proper training to the people.

1.43 For a newborn child mere crying out is the initial language. Mother tries to understand that the crying child is hungry and makes necessary arrangements to feed it. The child stops crying after it is fed. Subsequently the child learns to yell “amma” by imitating other people in the surrounding environment. This kind of learning by imitation is common to human beings as well as to monkeys. Yet learning a language properly requires detailed training. By the fourth year, the child gets adequate training in pronouncing and understanding the essential words in use in his mother tongue.
Learning a language other than the mother tongue is usually perceived as a difficult task than learning the mother tongue. However, Whitney opined that: “in all other respects, the learning of a second language is precisely the same process as the learning of ones own mother tongue”. To master any language individual initiative, sustained interest and dedication are essential. In this way, Tulu speakers can learn Kannada, Hindi, Sanskrit, English etc with adequate training. Educational institutions with trained teachers are equipped to impart systematic training to the students of the languages.

1.44 A new language can be born only out of necessity and involvement of the community of people. Further, the degree of refinement a language can attain depends on the earnestness of the people who can ably communicate in that language.

1.45 Creating a new language from the scratches is a daunting task and may entail unwarranted hardships on the people involved. Some brave people have tried such experiments in the past by introducing newer styles and usages in the existing languages. Such artificial languages have died out in infancy for want of people who can effectively communicate in them.
1.46 Growth and popularity of a language like Tulu is governed by internal and external factors. Internal factors include simplification of words as seen in Tulu dialectic usage. In spoken Tulu, Narayana has become ‘NaaNi, Nanne, Naane’ etc. Lakshminarayana has come to be called as ‘EcchaNNe’ etc.
The word ‘mudel’ in Tulu stands for the basal or root portion of the plants However, the word acquired the meaning of ‘the initiation’ or ‘beginning’ in general usage. Similarly, some of the words like ‘mast’ (=plenty), borrowed from Urdu language, during the reign of Hyderali and Tipu Sultan are commonly used in Tulu. Simplicity of such words have appealed to people and made them use frequently in their routine life.

1.47 External factors for growth of the language like Tulu are (a) geographical, (b) administrative and (c) political.
Geographic boundaries can often delimit the growth and spread of a language. The ‘Kavi raja marga’, the tenth century AD text, describes Kannada as bound between the Rivers Kaveri and Godavari. Similarly Tulunad has been considered between the rivers flowing near Kallianpur in the north and Kasargod in the south, based on the current spread of the Tulu language.
1.48 Administrative reasons include historical factors. Tulunad was ruled by Alupa kings (or chieftains) approximately from the beginning of the Christian era for nearly 1200 years based on two city state capitals designated ‘Mangalur and Barkur rajyas’ (=kingdoms). Mostly these chieftains were subordinates of Kannada kings, and have not shown evident interest in developing the Tulu language. Inscriptions were also written in Old Kannada which was popular administrative language at that time.
Apparently, Tulu was being written in Tulu script by the Vedic-educated Tulu Brahmins on palmyra leaves during the latter part of the Alupa rule. This is evident by the now established fact subsequently Tiruvanthapura (formerly known as Travancore state) King introduced and developed the Malayalam script based on the then existing Tulu script that was being used fro writing by the Tulu scholars visiting Kerala for agama studies.(Tr.)
With the ascent of Kingdom of Vijayanagara at Hampi, in thirteenth century AD, these Mangalur and Barkur Rajyas became its coastal provinces. Kannada was the dominant administrative language during Vijayanagar period. Vijayanagar King Krishnadevaraya was said to be from Tulu family (Tuluva dynasty). But apparently he gave no support from the growth and development of Tulu language. Kannada continued to dominate during subsequent transfer of power of coastal regions to Keladi Kings.
Subsequent period of domination of Hyderali and Tipu Sultan of Srirangapatna over Tulunad introduced many Urdu words into Tulu language.
1.48 Political factors refer to confusions perpetrated during the post-independence reorganization of Indian States in the year 1956. Kasargod, a region dominated by Tulu and Kannada speakers, was broken from Tulunad and amalgamated with Kerala. The famous Tulu proponent of Yakshagana during 18th century AD, Parthisubba, the poet and composer, was hailing from the Kasargod area.
Words of Whitney appear significant as far as the growth and sustenance of Tulu language and culture in the present political setup: “A stone has lain motionless for ages on the verge of a precipice, and may lie there for ages longer, all the cosmic forces of gravity will not stir it. But a chance thrust from some passing animal jostles it from its equillibrium and it goes crushing down. Just so, in language the great and wonderful power of human soul would never move in this particular direction, but for the added push given by the desire of communication, when this leads the way all the rest follows.”

(To be continued.)

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